A History of Indian Philosophy

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER II THE VEDAS, BRAHMANAS AND THEIR PHILOSOPHY 1. The Vedas and their antiquity 2. The Place of the Vedas in the Hindu mind 3. Classification of the Vedic literature 4. The samhitas 5. The Brahmanas 6. The Aranyakas 7. The Rg-Veda, its civilization 8. The Vedic gods 9. Polytheism, Henotheism, and Monotheism 10. Growth of a Monotheistic tendency; Prajapati, Visvakarma 11. Brahma 12. Sacrifice; the First Rudiments of the Law of Karma 13. Cosmogony-Mythological and Philosophical 14. Eschatology; the Doctrine of Atman 15. Conclusion CHAPTER III THE EARLIER UPANISADS (700 B.C. - 600 B.C.) 1. The place of the Upanisads in Vedic literature 2. The names of the Upanisads; Non-Brahmanic influence 3. Brahmanas and the Early Upanisads 4. The meaning of the word Upanisads 5. The composition and growth of diverse Upanisads 6. Revival of Upanisads studies in modern times 7. The Upanisads and their interpretations 8. The quest after Brahman: the struggle and the failure 9. Unknowability of Brahman and the Negative Method 10. The Atman doctrine 11. Place of Brahman in the Upanisads 12. The World 13. The World-Soul 14. The Theory of Causation 15. Doctrine of Transmigration 16. Emancipation CHAPTER IV GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYSTEMS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 1. In what sense is a History of Indian Philosophy possible? 2. Growth of the Philosophic Literature 3. The Indian systems of Philosophy 4. Some fundamental points of agreement 1. The Karma theory 2. The Doctrine of Mukti 3. The Doctrine of Soul 5. The Pessimistic Attitude towards the World and the Optimistic Faith in the end 6. Unity in Indian Sadhana (philosophical, religious and ethical endeavours) CHAPTER V BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY 1. The State of Philosophy in Indian before Buddha 2. Buddha: his life 3. Early Buddhist Literature 4. The Doctrine of Causal Connection of early Buddhism 5. The Khandhas 6. Avijja and Asava 7. Sila and Samadhi 8. Kamma 9. Upanisads and Buddhism 10. The School of Theravada Buddhism 11. Mahayanism 12. The Tathata Philosophy of Asvaghosa (80 A.D.) 13. The Madhyamika or the Sunyavada school-Nihilism 14. Uncompromising Idealism or the School of Vijnanavada Buddhism 15. Sautrantika theory of Perception 16. Sautrantika theory of Inference 17. The Doctrine of Momentariness 18. The Doctrine of Momentariness and the Doctrine of Causal Efficiency (Arthakriyakaritva) 19. Some Ontological Problems on which the Different Indian Systems diverged 20. Brief Survey of the Evolution of Buddhist Thought CHAPTER VI THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY 1. The Origin of Jainism 2. Two Sects of Jainism 3. The Canonical and other Literature of the Jains 4. Some General Characteristics of the Jains 5. Life of Mahavira 6. The Fundamental Ideas of Jaina Ontology 7. The Doctrine of Relative Pluralism (Anekantavada) 8. The Doctrine of Nayas 9. The Doctrine of Syadvada 10. Knowledge, its value for us 11. Theory of Perception 12. Non-Perceptual knowledge 13. Knowledge as Revelation 14. The Jivas 15. Karma Theory 16. Karma, Asrava and Nirjara 17. Pudgala 18. Dharma, Adharma, Akasa 19. Kala and Samaya 20. Jaina Cosmography 21. Jaina Yoga 22. Jaina Atheism 23. Moksa (emancipation) CHAPTER VII THE KAPILA AND TE PATANJALA SAMKHYA (YOGA) 1. A Review 2. The Germs of Samkhya in the Upanisads 3. Samkhya and Yoga Literature 4. An Early School of Samkhya 5. Samkhya karika, Samkhya sutra, Vacaspati Misra and Vijnana Bhiksu 6. Yoga and Patanjali 7. The Samkhya and the Yoga doctrine of Soul of Purusa 8. Thought and Matter 9. Feelings, the Ultimate Substances 10. The Gunas 11. Prakrti and its evolution 12. Pralaya and the disturbance of the Prakrti Equilibrium 13. Mahat and Ahamkara 14. The Tanmatras and the Paramanus 15. Principle of Causation and Conservation of Energy 16. Change as the formation of new collections 17. Causation as Satkaryavada (the theory that the effect potentially exists before it is generated by the movement of the cause) 18. Samkhya Atheism and Yoga Theism 19. Buddhi and Purusa 20. The Cognitive Process and some characteristics of Citta 21. Sorrow and its Dissolution 22. Citta 23. Yoga Purificatory Practices (Parikarma) 24. The Yoga Meditation CHAPTER VIII THE NYAYA-VAISESIKA PHILOSOPHY 1. Criticism of Buddhism and Samkhya from the Nyaya standpoint 2. Nyaya and Vaisesika sutras 3. Does Vaisesika represent an old school of Mimamsa? 4. Philosophy in the Vaisesika sutras 5. Philosophy in the Nyaya sutras 6. Philosophy of Nyaya sutras and Vaisesika sutras 7. The Vaisesika and Nyaya Literature 8. The main doctrine of the Nyaya-Vaisesika, Philosophy 9. The six Padarthas : Dravya, Guna, Karma, Samanya, Visesa, Samavaya 10. The Theory of Causation 11. Dissolution (Pralaya) and Creation (Srsti) 12. Proof of the Existence of Isvara 13. The Nyaya-Vaisesika Physics 14. The Origin of Knowledge (Pramana) 15. The four Pramanas of Nyaya 16. Perception (Pratyaksa) 17. Inference 18. Upamana and Sabda 19. Negation in Nyaya-Vaisesika 20. The necessity of the Acquirement of debating devices for the seeker of Salvation 21. The Doctrine of Soul 22. Isvara and Salvation CHAPTER IX MIMAMSA PHILOSOPHY 1. A Comparative Review 2. The Mimamsa Literature 3. The Paratah-pramanya doctrine of Nyaya and the Svatah-pramanya doctrine of Mimamsa 4. The place of Sense-organs in Perception 5. Indeterminate and Determinate Perception 6. Some Ontological Problems connected with the Doctrine of Perception 7. The Nature of Knowledge 8. The Psychology of Illusion 9. Inference 10. Upamana, Arthapatti 11. Sabda-pramana 12. The Pramana of Non-perception (anupalabdhi) 13. Self, Salvation, and God 14. Mimamsa as Philosophy and Mimamsa as Ritualism CHAPTER X THE SANKARA SCHOOL OF VEDANTA 1. Comprehension of the Philosophical Issues more essential than the Dialectic of Controversy 2. The philosophical situation: a Review 3. Vedanta Literature 4. Vedanta in Gaudapada 5. Vedanta and Sankara (788-820 A.D.) 6. The main idea of the Vedanta philosophy 7. In what sense is the world-appearance false? 8. The nature of the world-appearance, phenomena 9. The Definition of Ajnana (nescience) 10. Ajnana established by Perception and Inference 11. Locus and Object of Ajnana, Ahamkara and Antahkarana 12. Anirvacyavada and the Vedanta dialectic 13. The Theory of Causation 14. Vedanta theory of Perception and Inference 15. Atman, Jiva, Isvara, Ekajivavada and Drstisrstivada 16. Vedanta, theory of Illusion 17. Vedanta Ethics and Vedanta Emancipation 18. Vedanta and other Indian systems INDEX (VOLUME II) CHAPTER XI THE SANKARA SCHOOL OF VEDANTA (continued) 1. The World-Appearance 2. Thought and its Object in Buddhism and in Vedanta 3. Sankara's Defence of Vedanta; Philosophy of Badarayana and Bhartrprapanca 4. Teachers and Pupils in Vedanta 5. Vedanta Doctrine of Soul and the Buddhist Doctrine of Soullessness 6. Vedantic Cosmology 7. Sankara and his School 8. Mandana, Suresvara and Visvarupa 9. Mandana (A.D. 800) 10. Suresvara (A.D. 800) 11. Padmapada (A.D. 820) 12. Vacaspati Misra (A.D. 840) 13. Sarvajnatma Muni (A.D. 900) 14. Anandabodha Yati (eleventh or twelfth century A.D.) 15. Maha-vidya and the Development of Logical Formalism 16. Vedanta Dialectic of Sriharsa (A.D. 1150) 17. Application of the Dialectic to the Difference Categories and Concepts 18. Citsukha's Interpretations of the Concepts of Sankara Vedanta (A.D. 1220) 19. The Dialectic of Nagarjuna and the Vedanta Dialectic 20. Dialectical Criticisms of Santaraksita and Kamalasila (A.D. 760) as forerunners of Vedanta Dialectics (a) Criticisms of Samkhya Parinama Doctrine (b) Criticism of Isvara (c) Refutation of the Soul Theory (d) Refutation of the Mimamsa Theory of the Self (e) Refutation of the Samkhya View of the Self (f) Refutation of the Upanisad View of the Self (g) Refutation of the Theory of the Persistence of Existing Entities (h) Refutation of Criticisms of the Non-permanency of Entities (i) Refutation of the Nyaya Vaisesika Categories 21. Dialectic of Sankara and Anandajnana 22. Philosophy of the Prakatartha-vivarana (A.D. 1200) 23. Vimuktatman (A.D. 1200) 24. Ramadvaya (A.D. 1300) 25. Vidyaranya (A.D. 1350) 26. Nrsimhasrama Muni (A.D. 1500) 27. Appaya Diksita (A.D. 1550) 28. Prakasananda (A.D. 1550-1600) 29. Madhusudana Sarasvati (A.D. 1500) CHAPTER XII THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE YOGA-VASISTHA 1. Yoga-vasistha 2. The Ultimate Entity 3. Origination 4. Karma, Manas and the Categories 5. The World-Appearance 6. Nature of Agency Kartriva) and the Illusion of World Creation 7. The Stage of the Saint (Tivan-mukta) 8. Energy of Free-will (Paurusa) 9. Prana and its Control 10. Stages of Progress 11. Methods of Right Conduct 12. Yoga-vasistha, Sankara Vedanta and Buddhist Vijnanavada CHAPTER XIII SPECULATIONS IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS 1. Ayur-veda and the Atharva-Veda 2. Bones in the Atharva-Veda and Ayur-veda 3. Organs in the Atarva-Veda and Ayur-veda 4. Practice of Medicine in the Atharva-Veda 5. The Foetus and the Subtle Body 6. Foetal Development 7. Growth and Disease 8. Vayu, Pitta and Kapha 9. Head and Heart 10. The Circulatory and the Nervous System 11. The Nervous System of the Tantras 12. The Theory of Rasas and their Chemistry 13. The Psychological Views and other Ontological Categories 14. Logical Speculations and Terms relating to Academic Dispute 15. Did Logic Originate in the Discussions of Ayur-veda Physicians? 16. Ayur-veda Ethics 17. Springs of Action in the Caraka-samhita 18. Good Life in Caraka 19. Ayur-veda Literature CHAPTER XIV THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA 1. The Gita Literature 2. Gita and Yoga 3. Samkhya and Yoga in the Gita 4. Samkhya Philosophy in the Gita 5. Avyakta and Brahman 6. Conception of Sacrificial Duties in the Gita 7. Sense-control in the Gita 8. The Ethics of the Gita and the Buddhist Ethics 9. Analysis of Action 10. Eschatology 11. God and Man 12. Visnu, Vasudeva and Krsna 13. Bhagavata and the Bhagavad-gita INDEX (VOLUME III) CHAPTER XV THE BHASKARA SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY 1. Date of Bhaskara 2. Bhaskara and Sankara 3. The Philosophy of Bhaskara's Bhasya CHAPTER XVI THE PANCARATRA 1. Antiquity of the Pancaratra 2. The Position of the Pancaratra Literature 3. The Pancaratra Literature 4. Philosophy of the Tayakhy and other Samhitas 5. Philosophy of the Ahirbudhnya-samhita CHAPTER XVII THE ARVARS 1. The Chronology of the Arvars 2. The Philosophy of the Arvars 3. Arvars and Sri-vaisnavas on certain points of controversy in religious dogmas CHAPTER XVIII AN HISTORICAL AND LITERARY SURVEY OF THE VISISTADVAITA SCHOOL OF THOUGHT 1. The Aragiyas from Nathamuni to Ramanuja 2. Ramanuja 3. The Precursors of the Visistadvaita Philosophy and the contemporaries and pupils of Ramanuja 4. Ramanuja Literature 5. The Influence of the Arvars on the followers of Ramanuja CHAPTER XIX THE PHILOSOPHY OF YAMUNACARYA 1. Yamuna's doctrine of Soul contrasted with those or others 2. God and the World 3. God according to Ramanuja, Venkatanatha and Lokacarya 4. Visistadvaita doctrine of Soul according to Ramanuja and Venkatanatha 5. Acit or Primeval Matter: the Prakrti and its modifications CHAPTER XX PHILOSOPHY OF THE RAMANUJA SCHOOL OF THOUGHT 1. Sankara and Ramanuja on the nature of Reality as qualified or un-qualified 2. Refutation of Sankara's avidya 3. Ramanuja's theory of Illusion-All knowledge is Real 4. Failure of theistic proofs 5. Bhaskara and Ramanuja 6. Ontological position of Ramanuja's Philosophy 7. Venkatanatha's treatment of Pramana 8. Venkatanatha's treatment of Doubt 9. Error and Doubt according to Venkatanatha 10. Perception in the light of elucidation by the later members of the Ramanuja School 11. Venkatanatha's treatment of Inference 12. Epistemology of the Ramanuja School according to Meghanadari and others 13. The Doctrine of Self-validity of Knowledge 14. The Ontological categories of the Ramanuja School according to Venkatanatha (a) Substance (b) Criticism of the Samkhya Inference for Establishing the Existence of Prakrti (c) Refutation of the Atomic Theory of Nyaya in relation to Whole and Part (d) Criticism of the Samkhya Theory of Sat-karya-vada (e) Refutation of the Buddhist Doctrine of Momentariness (f) Refutation of the Carvaka criticism against the Doctrine of Causality (g) The Nature of the Sense according to Venkatanatha (h) The Nature of akasa according to Venkatanatha (i) Nature of Time according to Venkatanatha (j) The Nature of Soul according to Venkatanatha (k) The Nature of Emancipation according to Venkatanatha 15. God in the Ramanuja School 16. Dialectical criticism against the Sankara School 17. Meghanadari 18. Vatsya Varada 19. Ramanujacarya II alias Vadi-Hamsa-Navamvuda 20. Ramanujadasa alias Mahacarya 21. Prapatti Doctrine as expounded in Srivacana-bhusana of Lokacarya and Saumya Jamatr Muni's Commentary on it 22. Kasturi-Rangacarya 23. Saila Srinivasa 24. Rangacarya CHAPTER XXI THE NIMBARKA SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY 1. Teachers and Pupils of the Nimbarka School 2. A General Idea of Nimbarka's Philosophy 3. Controversy with the Monists by Madhava Mukunda (a) The Main Thesis and the Ultimate End in Advaita Vedanta are untenable (b) Refutation of the Sankara Theory of Illusion in its various Aspects (c) Refutation of the Sankarite View of Ajnana 4. The Pramanas according to Madhava Mukunda 5. Criticism of the views of Ramanuja and Bhaskara 6. The Reality of the World 7. Vanamali Misra CHAPTER XXII THE PHILOSOPHY OF VIJNANA BHIKSU 1. A General Idea of Vijnana Bhiksu's Philosophy 2. The Brahman and the World according to Vijnana-mrta-bhasya 3. The Individual 4. Brahma-Experience and Experience 5. Self-Luminosity and Ignorance 6. Relaiton of Samkhya and Vedanta according to Bhiksu 7. Maya and Pradhana 8. Bhiksu's criticism of the Samkhya and Yoga 9. Isvara-gita, its Philosophy as expounded by Vijnana Bhiksu CHAPTER XXIII PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATIONS OF SOME OF THE SELECTED PURANAS 1. Visnu Purana 2. Vayu Purana 3. Markandeya Purana 4. Naradiya Purana 5. Kurma Purana APPENDIX TO VOLUME I The Lokayata, Nastika and Carvaka INDEX (VOLUME IV) CHAPTER XXIV THE BHAGAVATA PURANA 1. The Bhagavata-purana 2. Dharma 3. Brahman, Paramatman, Bhagavat and Paramesvara 4. Kapila's philosophy in the Bhagavata-purana 5. Eschatology CHAPTER XXV MADHVA AND HIS SCHOOL 1. Madhva's life 2. Madhva Gurus 3. Important Madhva works 4. Teachers and writers of the Madhva School 5. Ramanuja and Madhva CHAPTER XXVI MADHVA'S INTERPRETATION OF THE BRAHMA-SUTRAS 1. Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 1 2. Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 2 3. Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 3-4 4. A general review of the other important topics of the Brahma-sutras CHAPTER XXVII A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF MADHVA 1. Ontology 2. Pramanas (ways of valid knowledge) 3. Svatah-pramanya (self-validity of knowledge) 4. Illusion and Doubt 5. Defence of Pluralism (bheda) CHAPTER XXVIII MADHVA LOGIC 1. Perception 2. Inference (Anumana) 3. Tarka (Ratiocination) 4. Concomitance (Vyapti) 5. Epistemological process in Inference 6. Various considerations regarding Inference 7. Testimony CHAPTER XXIX CONTROVERSY BETWEEN THE DUALISTS AND THE MONISTS 1. Vyasa-tirtha, Madhusudana and Ramacarya on the Falsity of the World 2. Nature of Knowledge 3. The World as Illusion CHAPTER XXX CONTROVERSY BETWEEN THE DUALISTS AND THE MONISTS (cont.) 1. A refutation of the definition of Avidya (nescience) 2. Perception of Ajnana (ignorance) 3. Inference of Ajnana 4. The theory of Avidya refuted 5. Ajnana and Ego-hood (ahamkara) 6. Indefinability of World-appearance 7. Nature of Brahman 8. Refutation of Brahman as material and instrumental cause 9. Liberation (moksa) CHAPTER XXXI THE PHILOSOPHY OF VALLABHA 1. Vallabha's interpretation of the Brahma-sutra 2. The nature of Brahman 3. The Categories 4. The Pramanas 5. Concept of bhakti 6. Topics of Vallabha as explained by Vallabha's followers 7. Vitthala's interpretation of Vallabha's ideas 8. Life of Vallabha (1481-1533) 9. Works of Vallabha and his disciples 10. Visnusvamin CHAPTER XXXII CAITANYA AND HIS FOLLOWERS 1. Caitanya's biographers 2. Life of Caitanya 3. Emotionalism of Caitanya 4. Gleaning from Caitanya-Caritamrta on the subject of Caitanya's philosophical views 5. Some companions of Caitanya CHAPTER XXXIII THE PHILOSOPHY OF JIVA GOSVAMI AND BALADEVA VIDYABHUSANA, FOLLOWERS OF CAITANYA 1. Ontology 2. Status of the World 3. God and His Powers 4. God's relation to His devotees 5. Nature of bhakti 6. Ultimate Realization 7. The joy of bhakti 8. The philosophy of Baladeva Vidyabhusana INDEX (VOLUME V) CHAPTER XXXIV LITERATURE OF SOUTHERN SAIVISM 1. The Literature and History of Southern Saivism 2. The Agama Literature and its Philosophy Perspective 3. Siva-jnana-bodhy by Meykandadeva 4. Matanga-paramesvara-tantra 5. Pauskaragama 6. Vatulagama 7. Vatula-tantram CHAPTER XXXV VIRA-SAIVISM 1. History and Literature of Vira-saivism 2. Anubhava-sutra of Mayi-deva CHAPTER XXXVI PHILOSOPHY OF SRIKANTHA 1. Philosophy of Saivism as expounded by Srikantha in his Commentary on the Brahms-sutra and the Sub-commentary on it by Appaya Diksita 2. The Nature of Brahman 3. Moral Responsibility and the Grace of God CHAPTER XXXVII THE SAIVA PHILOSOPHY IN THE PURANAS 1. The Saiva Philosophy in the Siva-mahapurana 2,3. Saiva Philosophy in the Vayaviya-samhita of the Siva-mahapurana Section 1 Section 2 CHAPTER XXXVIII SAIVA PHILOSOPHY IN SOME OF THE IMPORTANT TEXTS 1. The Doctrine of the Pasupata-sutras 2. The Saiva Ideas of Manikka-vachakar in Tiru-vachaka 3. Manikka-vachakar and Saiva Siddhanta 4. Saiva Philosophy according to Bhoja and his commentators 5. Sripati Pandita's Ideas on the Vedanta Philosophy, called also the Srikara-bhasya which is accepted as the Fundamental Basis of Vira-saivism