The Ragas of Northern Indian Music

CONTENTS FOREWORD X PART I INDIAN MUSICAL THEORY CHAPTER I THE HISTORY OF INDIAN MUSIC 1 The four schools (mata-s) 4 The Sanskrit writers on music 6 First period (Puranic-Vedic-Epic) 7 The second (Buddhist) period 14 The third (Medieval) period 15 The fourth (Modern) period 17 The chief writers of the fourth (Modern) period 18 CHAPTER II BASES OF MELODIC STRUCTURES 2I The nature of sound 21 The Tonic or drone 22 The tonic or drone 23 The three main octaves (saptaka-s) 24 The seven notes (svara-s) 24 The intercalary notes 26 The intervals (shruti-s) 27 The measurement of the shruti-s 29 The notation of the shruti-s 31 The expression of the shruti-s 38 A suggested interpretation of the families of intervals (shruti-jati-s) 44 Flats and sharps 49 The scale 50 The three basic scales (grama-s) 52 Modal scales (murch hana-s) 54 Class (jati) 55 Mode-types (thata-s) 56 Group 60 Graha, amsha, nyasa 60 The predominant note or sonant (vad) 61 The consonant (samvadi) 62 The assonant (anuvadi) 63 The dissonant (vivadi) 63 CHAPTER III RHYTHM 65 Tempo (laya) 65 Rhythm (tala) 66 The main rhythms (tala-s) 67 Syncopation 74 CHAPTER IV MELODIC DEVELOPMENT 75 Melodic movement (varna) 75 Melodic Figures (tana-s) 76 Ascent and descent (aroha, avaroha) 77 Ornaments (Alamkara) 77 Grace (gamaka) 80 The four phase in the development of a raga 86 Style of music 86 Styles of singing or playing 88 CHAPTER V THE RAGA-S 91 The number of raga-s 92 Moods, colour and notes 92 The description of raga-s in verse and pictures. 93 Tuning of the instruments 94 Theme (rupa) and outline 95 Time of play 95 PART II NOTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RAGA-S CHAPTER I EARLY MORNING RAGA-S 99 1. Lalita (at dawn) 101 2. Vibhasa (at sunrise) 105 3. Bhairava group (after sunrise) 109 Yogiya 110 Yogiya I 111 Yogiya II 112 Prabhat 113 Shiva Bhairava 116 Ananda Bhairava 119 Bangala Bhairava 122 Bhairava 122 Ramakali 128 Gunakali 131 4. Todi., group I (first quarter of the day) 135 Gurjari 136 Mukhari 139 Lachari Todi 142 Todi 145 Vilasakhani Todi 145 5. Todi, group II (Yavanapuri) (first quarter of the day) 151 Gandhari 152 Deshi 155 Pathamanjari 158 Yavanapuri 164 Asavari 164 CHAPTER II LATE MORNING RAGA-S 167 6. Bhairavi group (second quarter of the day) 169 Rewa i 170 Dhani 173 Shat 176 Bhairavi 179 Bhupala 182 Samanta 185 7. Bilaval group (second quarter of the day) 189 Bilaval 190 Lach'ha Bilaval 193 Kakubha Bilaval 196 Alhaiya Bilaval 199 CHAPTER III NOON AND AFTERNOON RAGA-S 203 8. Saranga group (noon) 205 Saranga 206 Madhyamadi Saranga 209 Brindabani Saranga 212 Gauda Saranga 215 9. Shri group (last quarter of the day) 219 Dhanashri 220 Malavashri 223 Shri 226 Bhimapalashri 229 Multani 232 10. Nata (in the afternoon) 235 CHAPTER IV EVENING RAGA-S 239 11. Pilu (at the end of the day) 240 12. Puravi group 243 Marava 244 Puravi 247 Rat Puriya 250 13. Dipaka (after sunset) 253 CHAPTER V RAGA-S OF THE EARLY NIGHT 257 14. Kalyana group (night, first watch) 259 Yaman-Kalyana 260 Tilaka Kamoda 263 Gopi Kambhoji 266 Yaman 269 Kamoda 272 Chhayanata 274 Kedara 277 Bhupali 280 15. Khammaja group (night, first quarter) 283 Durga 284 Hambir 287 Khammaja 290 CHAPTER VI RAGA-S OF THE DEEP OF NIGHT 293 15. Kanada group (second qurter of the night) 295 Suha 296 Sindhura 298 Sahana 301 Kafi 304 Sinddha Kafi 307 Kanada 310 Bageshri 314 Jayajavanti 317 Bahar 320 CHAPTER VII RAGA-S OF MIDNIGHT AND LATE 323 17. Malakosha (at night) 324 18. Bihaga 327 19. Paraj group (after midnight) 331 Paraj 332 Sohini 334 20. Shankara (at the end of the night) 337 21. Kalingada (before dawn) 340 CHAPTER VIII SEASONAL RAGA-S 343 22. Spring raga-s 345 Hindola 346 Vasanta 349 Panchama 352 23. Raga-s of the rainy season 355 Miyan Mallar 356 Desha Mallar 359 Gauda Mallar 362 Surat Mallar 365 Shuddha Mallar 368 Megha Mallar 371 BIBLIOGRAPHY 375 DISCOGRAPHY 397