NATYASASTRA OF BHARATA-MUNI

CONTENTS VOLUME II (Text) Title: NATYASASTRA (ASCRIBED TO BHARATA-MUNI VOLUME-II) CONTENTS VOLUME III (Text) Title: NATYASASTRA (ASCRIBED TO BHARATA-MUNI VOLUME-III) XVIII. Rules on the Use of Languages Preface to the Second Editions viii Abbreviations and Symbols xi INTRODUCTION I. THE PRESENT WORK xvii 1. Scope and Importance of the Ns. xix 2. A Short History of the Study xix 2a. The Basic Text xxiii 3. Difficulties of the Translation xxiv 4. Form of the Translation xxiv 5. Notes on the Translation xxv II. THE ANCIENT INDIAN THEORY OF DRAMA xxvi 1. Meaning of Natya xxvi 2. Four Aspects of Drama xxviii 3. The Theory of Imitation xxix 4. The Dramatic Conventions xxx 5. Time and Place in Drama xxxii 6. The Unity of Impression xxxii 7. Criticism of Drama xxxiii 8. The Theory of Sentiments (rasa) xxxv III. THE LITERARY STRUCTURE OF DRAMA xxxix 1. Two Major Types of Play xxxix (a) Subject-matter and division into Acts, p. xI; (b) Explanatory Devices, P. xIii; © The Plot and its Development, p. xIiii. 2. Eight Minor Types of Play, xIiv 3. The Characterization in a Play xIvi 4. Diction of a Play xIvii IV. ANCIENT INDIAN DRAMA IN PRACTICE xIix 1. Occasion for Dramatic Performance xIix 2. Time for Performance 1 3. The Playhouse or the Theatre Ii 4. Representation Iii (a) Physical Representation, p. Iiii; (b) Music accompanying the foot-movements, p. Ivi; © Vocal Representation, p. Ivii; (d) Costumes and Make-up, p. Ivii; (e) The mise-en scene, p. Iviii. V. DATE OF THE NATYASASTRA Iix VI. DATE OF INDIA'S CULTURAL HISTORY Ixv 1. Geography Ixvi 2. Ethnography Ixvi 3. Languages Ixvi 4. Literature Ixvi 5. Costumes and Ornaments Ixvi 6. Art Ixvii 7. Ars amatoria Ixviii 8. The Arthasastra Ixviii 9. Psychology Ixviii THE TRANSLATION I. Origin of Drama 1 II. Description of the Playhouse 18 III. Puja to the Gods of the Stage 33 IV. Description of the Class-dance 45 V. Preliminaries of a Play 76 VI. Sentiments (rasa) 100 VII. Emotional and other States 119 VIII. Gestures of Minor Limbs 150 IX. Gestures of Hands 172 X. Gestures of other Limbs 194 XI. Cari Movements 200 XII. Mandala Movements 210 XIII. Different Gaits 216 XIV. Zones and Local Usages 242 XV. Rules of Prosody 253 XVI. Metrical Patterns 265 XVII. Diction of a Play 297 321 XIX. Modes of Address and Intonation 333 XX. Ten Kinds of Play 353 XXI. Limbs of the Segments 378 XXII. Styles 401 XXIII. Costumes and Make-up 417 XXIV. Harmonious Representation 442 XXV. Dealings with Courtezans 486 XXVI. Varied Representations 497 XXVII. Success in Dramatic Representation 515 Appendix 531 Bibliography 535 Corrections and Additions 538 Correction and Additions to vol. II 543 Index 546 Index to vol. II 570-587 CONTENTS VOLUME IV (Text) Title: NATYASASTRA (ASCRIBED TO BHARATA-MUNI VOLUME-IV) PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION: Though there was a constant demand for it, the translation of the Natyasastra vol. I (I-XXVII) which was out of print in 1959, could not be published earlier for a variety of reasons. The most important of these was that the text which was reconstructed earlier and made the basis of translation, had to be revised very carefully after a study of the materials which accumulated during the years following its publication. These include not only the volumes III and IV of the Baroda edition of the Natyasastra, but also some other works. Among these latter mention should be made of Dr. Indu Shekhar's Sanskrit Drama (Leiden, 1960) in which he has made an up to date study of certain aspects of the history of ancient Indian theatre. This work based on all available materials is highly suggestive, and will prove useful to scholars. The next work of importance is an annotated translation of the Nataka-laksana-ratnakosa by Professor Dillon and others (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series vol. 50, Part 9. Philadelphia). It is a meritorious work. Besides, it shows clearly to what extent a text compiled in the lines of the Natyasastra more than six centuries before our time, has become unintelligible. From the fact that the three learned authors of this work could not be unanimous on a number of points, one will easily appreciate the difficulty of editing and interpreting the basic work which was compiled most probably more than two milleniums ago. Besides these works, there are a few articles Publication of the present author's critical text of the Natyasastra vol. II (XXVII-XXXVI) has also made the revision more fruitful. It may be mentioned here that due to the very corrupt nature of this part of the text treating of music and some aspects of theatre, it was not possible to prepare earlier a tolerably critical version of this; and at one stage of the work, it was seriously thought that the attempt should be given up. But fate willed otherwise. After a second thought I reconciled myself with the sorry state of the MSS, as well as printed materials, and decided to place the results of my studies, however, imperfect they might be, at the disposal of scholars. It was regretted in the beginning that due to serious reasons the vol. I of the text could not be issued in 1951 along with the translation. For, the text not being available, scholars were very much handicapped in using the translation, although the essential variants as well as sources from which the text was made out, had been mentioned in the footnotes more or less in detail. Now having revised the unpublished critical text (issued in a separate volume) I have no longer any complaint that the publication was delayed so long, Readers, I may hope, will have at present a better work. As for the first edition of the translation, this can be said that in spite of its drawbacks due chiefly the comparative inadequacy of the basic text, it has not been altogether fruitless. For, the extent to which it has stimulated during the last sixteen years the study and researches in the Natyasastra, may be considered a sufficient defence for its publication. I may now feel quite happy to place before the scholar a second edition of the translation. Though obstacles in the way of this undertaking have been many and various, I have tackled with them as best as I could, and may hope that the scholars will have this time a better facility not only to assess the value of my work, but also to make, f they would like, new contributions to the study, of which there will be some scope, for a long time. In the present Introduction some paragraphs have changed their places and new ones have been added. And some portions of it have been transferred to the Introduction to the text. Bur for the convenience of the readers of the present volume, the discussion on the date of the work, which form an intregral part of the critical edition of the text, has been briefly repeated here. This may be justified on the assumption that the readers who would study the Natyasastra through a translation only, are likely to be quite thoroughly revised, and attempt has been made here and there, to throw some fresh light on certain aspects of the ancient Indian theatre and dramaturgy, which escaped the author's attention earlier. To render this volume more useful two indexes have also been added. It may be repeated that the present work is likely to be more helpful to readers. But in spite of this assumption, the author knows the limitation of his work which had to be carried on unaided under difficult circumstances. He will be amply rewarded if the present edition of the translation would sustain for some time the interest of readers who are aware of the great value of India's culture. Calcutta, 14-5-67 The translator