Rachana Sharir

Volume I Preface With the name and blessings of almighty the book titled ‘COMPREHENSIVE RACHANA SHARIR’ ‘Parallel study of Rachana Sharir with Modern Anatomy’ is being presented for scholars and student of Medical. Sciences. The book is written to fulfill the requirement of having both Ayurvedic as Mopdern literature for the same context at the place with applied approach. Author has tried his best to compile maximum important references of Ayurveda with it’s explanation in almost all topics along with relevant literature of modern anatomy. Author personally feels that each and every topic of Rachana Sharir in Ayurveda can’t be correlated with modern anatomy. Therefore Ayurvedic and modern literature are described separately and parallel. Wherever a correlation can be established it is done with proper logical analysis. In order to maintain the originality Ayurvedic literature is given in Sanskrit and Hindi and Modern in English. I hope that readers will accept the effort with generosity and give suggestions to improve it further. Introduction Historical Background of Ayurveda According to historians of medicine it is clear beyond all doubts that science of medicine is classically described in Vedic Texts mainly in ‘Atharvaveda’. Atharvaveda consists the treasure of that science which is the first recorded literature of human diseases and it’s treatment. The explainatory and practice of medicine was later on compiled in ‘Samhita Grantha’ There are three main Samhita Grantha as following. i-Sushruta Samhita ii-Charak SAmhita iii-Vagbhat Samhita (Ashtang Samagraha and Ashtang Hridaya) These are also referred as Greater Triads. Other Samhita grantha are kashyap samhita, Bhel samhita but these are incomplete in their available Manuscript. In terms of Sharir i.e. conceptual human anatomy and physiology ‘Sushrut Samhita’ is most relevant. It deals with details of human anatomy based on direct observation by dissection. So it is foundation of principles of surgery which are now a days performed by modern methods. The fundamentals and principles are still the same. Historical references about Sushrut Samhita According to available historical references and researches it is concluded that present Sushrut Samhita was compilation compilation completed in four steps. 1- Old Sushrut (1000-1500 B.C.) 2- Sushrut (2nd century A.D.) 3- Nagarjuna (5th century A.D.) 4- Chandratt (10th century A.D.) The fundamental literature rather we can say the manuscript of Sushrut Samhita was compiled by Old Sushrut. Later on Sushrut, Nagarjuna and Chandratt revised reedited and recompiled the basic text to shape it in the present available form. But as a matter of fact the real identity and exact period of Sushrut is controversial. Format of Sushrut Samhita The Sushrut Samhita is a Sanskrit text attributed to Sushrut. It is one of three foundational texts of Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine). The Sushrut Samhita is divided into two parts. The first is the five section Purva-tantra, and the second is the Uttara-tantra. Together, the Purva-tantra Uttara-tantra (apart from Salyya and Salakya) describe the sciences and practices of medicine, pediatrics, geriatrics, diseases of the ear, nose, throat and eye, toxicology, aphrodisiacs and psychiatry. It is divided into five segments and 120 chapters Sushrut Samhita is divided in to following segments called as “Sthana” consisting specific chapters. 1- Sutra Sthana: 46 chapters 2- Nidana Sthana: 16 chapters 3- Sharir Sthana: 10 chaptres 4- Chikitsa Sthana: 40 chapters 5- Kalpa sthana: 8 chapters Total: 120 chapters There are additional 66 chapters in “Uttar tantra”. (It is noteworthy that Agnivesa-tantra, better known as the Charaka Samhita and the Ashtanga Hridayam of Vagbhata, is also divided into 120 chapters) The text was translated to Arabic as Kitabi-Susrud in the 8th century. Salient features of Sushrut Samhita According to above couplet for study of Sharir, Sushruta Samhita is most appropriate. The Sushrut Samhita comprises 186 chapters, description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. Dissection of dead human bodies was first introduced and performed by Sushrut. He also advocated the dissection for observation of internal anatomy of human body. That is important for management of diseases specially in surgical procedures. Plastic surgery was first introduced by Sushrut as in Karnasandhana and nasa sandhana. The text discusses surgical techniques of making incisions, probing extraction of foreign bodies, alkali and thermal cauterization tooth extraction, excisions, and trocars for draining abscess draining hydrocele and ascitic fluid, the removal of the prostate gland, urethral stricture dilatation, vesiculolithotomy, hernia surgery, caesarian Section, management of haemorrhoids, fistulae, laparotomy and management of intestinal obstruction, perforated intestines, and accidental perforation of the abdomen with protrusion of omentum and the principles of fracture management, Viz., traction, traction, manipulation, apposition and stabilization including some measures of rehabilitation and fitting of prosthetics. It enumerates six types of dislocations, twelve varieties of fractures, and classification of the bones and their reaction to the injuries, and gives a classification of eye diseases including cataract surgery. The text describes aetiology, the sings and symptoms of important surgical diseases and those ailments which have a bearing on surgery. The rudiments of embryology and the anatomy of the human body, along with instructions for venesection, the positioning of the patient for each vein. Protection of vital structures (marma) are dealt with in the Sarira-sthana. This also includes the essentials of obstetrics. The Chikitsa-sthana describes the principles of management of surgical conditions, including obstetrical emergencies, including chapters on geriatrics and aphrodisiacs. The Kalpa-sthana is mainly Visa-tantra,dealing with the nature of poisons and their management i.e. toxicology. Contents Section-A Introductory Historical review of Sharir ix Chapters-1 Basic Principles of Sharir 1 Section-B Chapter-2 Shariropkramniya Sharir 11 Chapter-3 Anatomical terminologies and Paribhasha Sharir 27 Chapter-4 Abhinivratti Sharir and Purusha Vivechan 33 Section-C Chapter-5 Garbha Sharir and Embryology (I-VI) 45 Section-D Chapter-6 Pramana Sharir 103 Chapter-7 Body Organization 109 Section-E Chapter-8 Asthi Sharir and Osteology 122 Chapter-9 Sandhi Sharir and Arthrology 175 Chapter-10 Peshi Sharir and Myology 203 Section-F Chapter-11.1 Sira, Dhamani Sharir 212 Chapter-11.2 Srotas Sharir 221 Chapter-12 Cardiovascular System 238 Section-G Chapter-13.1 Snayu Sharir 248 Chapter-13.2 Brief Study of Connective Tissue 251 Chapter-14.1 Kala Sharir 255 Chapter-14.2 Study of Membranes 262 Section-H Chapter-15 Marma Sharir 272 Chapter-16 Indriya Sharir 292 Section-I Chapter-17.1 Study of Uppr Limb 296 Chapter-17.2 Brief Study of Breast 315 Chapter-18 Brief Study of Lower Limb 320 Chapter-19 Lasika Samsthan And Lymphatic System 336 Section-J Chapter-20 Brief Study of Uttamangiya Sharir 342 Chapter-21 Brief Study of Kostha evam Asahya Sharir 344 Volume-II Section-A Chapter-1.1 Brief Study of Trunk 1 Chapter 1.2 Brief Study of Back 13 Chapter-1.3 Body Cavities 16 Chapter-1.4 Perineum 19 Chapter-2 Kostha and Aashya Sharir 22 Section-B Chapter-3 Respiratory System, Anatomy of Heart 27 Chapter-4 Digestive System 51 Chapter-5 Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Gall Bladder 78 Chapter-6 Other Kosthang 94 Chapter-7 Urianry System 99 Chapter-8 Reproductive System 111 Chapter-9 Granthi Sharir and Exocrine Glands 129 Chapter-10 Endocrinology 134 Section-C Chapter-11 Head and Neck Region 143 Chapter-12 Introduction to Nervous system 154 Chapter-13 Anatomy of Brain 165 Chapter-14 Nadi Sharir 182 Section-D Chapter-15.1 Sensory Organs 198 Chapter-15.2 Paranasal Sinus 222 Chapter-16 Twak Sharir 224 Section-E Chapter-17 Surface Anatomy 231 Chapter-18 Radiological Anatomy 248 Section-F Chapter-19 Important Refernces & Annexures 269