Kalamukha Temples of Karnataka

Contents Preface - Advaitavadini Kaul v Acknowledgements xiii List of Illustrations xvi Introduction 1 Situation 2 The Dedication to Sadasiva 3 The Trikuta Temple 5 The Mythology of Sadasiva’s Manifestations 12 A Note on the Dance Pose of Natesa at Haralahalli and Rattihalli 15 1. History of Lakulasaiva Movement and Jakkanacari Style of Temples in Karnataka 29 The Advent of Lakulasaivism in Karnataka 30 The Glory of the Pasupatavrata 47 Mystic Diagram and Installation of Gods 52 Kalamukha Saivites of Lakulasaiva Community 56 History of the Kittagavi Santati 67 The Gutta Chieftains of Guttavolal 71 Socio-Politico-Religious Conditions 74 History of the two Feudatory Families: The 88 Gutta of Guttavolal and the Kadamba of Rattihalli the Gutta Chieftains 88 The Kadamba Rulers of Rattihalli 94 2. The Temple of Somanatha at Haralahalli 99 Architecture 99 The Complex and Its History 99 The Somanatha Temple, General Plan 100 Interior 101 Cellas and Antechambers 101 The Rangamandapa 102 The Porch 108 Exterior 110 The Base of the External Wall 110 The Wall 111 The Sikhara 111 The Sukanasi 112 The Aedicules (Pratikrti) 112 Composition of Architectural Elements on the Vimana Wall 114 State of Conservation 116 Iconography 117 Interior Iconography 119 Exterior Iconography 122 The Main Deities: Images of Siva 122 Images of the Goddess 126 Images of Visnu 127 Entourage 130 Demi-gods, Worshippers, Glorifiers 132 Epigraphy 136 Inscription I: Renovation of Somesvara Temple into a Three-celled Temple by King Joma, 1181. Donations, 1188 136 Inscription II: Foundation of a Temple of Dasesvara by Dasiraja, 1188 218 Inscription III: Hero-stone on the River Bank, CE 1206 267 Inscription IV: 1213, Foundation of the Temple of Cikkesvara by Bica (Period of Yadava King Singana) 269 Inscription VI: Copperplates, 1259 323 3. The Temple of Kadambesvara at Rattihalli 345 Architecture 345 The Architectural Concept and Its History 345 Interior 347 Cellas and Antechambers 347 The Rangamandapa 348 The Latamandapa 350 The Internal ways of Access 352 Exterior 353 The Base 353 The Wall 353 The Sukanasi 353 The Sikhara 354 Aedicules 355 Composition of Architectural Elements on the Vimana Wall 356 State of Conservation 357 Iconography 358 The Iconographic Programme 358 Interior Icons 359 Linga 359 Ganesa 361 Nandin 361 Saptamatrka and Other Stray Icons 362 Icons on Door Frames 363 Icons on Rangamandapa Pillars 366 Dvarapala 368 Exterior Iconography 369 West Kadambesvara Tower, South Side 370 West Tower, West Side 372 West Tower, North Side 374 Sukanasi 378 North Rajesvara Tower 380 North Tower, West Side 380 North Tower, North Side 380 North Tower, East Side 381 South Mallesvara Tower 383 South Twoer, East Side 383 South Tower, South Side 386 South Tower, West Side 392 Epigraphy 395 Inscription 1: Eulogy of Kadambas and Minister Soma, c. CE 1144 395 Inscription 2: Donation of Pandyadeva and Hadavala Caunda, 1 June CE 1174 422 Inscription 3: Donation of Gubbiya Kalla to Murujavideva, 28 June CE 1238 465 Inscription 4: Donation of Honnabommisetti, 8 December 1238 Installation of Mallesvara and Rajesvara by Murujavideva 473 Inscription 5: Donation by Karanada Kallarasa to Mallinathadeva, 27 November 1239 511 Inscription 6: Memorial Stone in the Time of Ramacandra, 1290 or 1299 516 Inscription 7: Sadasivaraya 519 Figures and Plates 525 Select Bibliography and Abbreviations 645 Index 649